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Maelezo ya Utamaduni
AEE African Evangelistic Enterprise; “a mission organisation dedicated to taking the message of Jesus to the cities of Africa” (http://www.africanenterprise.org.za/) |
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Arusha the largest of Tanzania’s 25 regions, located in northern Tanzania bordered by Kenya on the north, and Tanzania regions of Kilimanjaro to the East, Shinyanga and Mara to the west, and Singida and Dodoma to the south. Arusha region is divided into 9 districts with 485 villages and is home to one of the wonders of the world, The Ngorongoro Crater. The Maasai are the largest ethnic group in the Arusha region. See map, right.
Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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For more information on the Arusha region, consult the following:
baraza traditionally, a sitting area outside of a Swahili home; verandah. The word is used to variously mean, meeting, council, assembly, or forum. For example, an article on Zanzibari architecture, written for tourists, included the following. Barazas, the author writes,
Caritas Caritas Internationalis; "a confederation of 162 Catholic relief, development and social service organisations working to build a better world, especially for the poor and oppressed, in over 200 countries and territories" (from http://www.caritas.org/). Chama cha Wafanyakazi wa Hifadhi, Mahotelini na Majumbani (CHODAWU) Conservation, Hotels, Domestic and Allied Workers Union (Tanzania) Clouds FM Dar es Salaam-based FM broadcaster COEL Concern for the Elderly; a Mwanza-based non-governmental organization (Tanzania) CRDB Cooperative and Rural Development Bank (Tanzania)
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Dar es Salaam one of Tanzania’s 25 regions, located on the east coast of Tanzania. The region includes the municipalities of Ilala, Temeke, and Kinondoni (which constitute the city of Dar es Salaam) and a few outlying areas. It borders on the Indian Ocean to the east and the Pwani region on all other sides. See map, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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GEMA (Gikuyu Meru Embu Association) an ethnic organization comprised of the Gikuyu, the Meru, and the Embu. GEMA was at the forefront of the 1976 Change the Constitution movement that sought to keep Moi from succeeding Kenyatta. In 1980, the government passed a resolution to dissolve all ethnic organizations, and GEMA was disbanded. The Gikuyu, Meru, and Embu ethnic groups are still collectively referred to as the GEMA communities. See map of Kenya's ethnic groups (c. 1974), right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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ILO International Labour Organization. For more information, see: http://www.ilo.org/ Issa Bin Maryam Arabic: Jesus, son of Mary Iqraa bismi rabbika Arabic: “Read in the name of your Lord”
JKT Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa (army of nation building); Tanzania National Service. Nyaronyo Mwite Kicheere describes the JKT in The Nation (Nairobi),
JWTZ jeshi la wananchi wa Tanzania (citizens' army of Tanzania); Tanzanian People's Defense Force.
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Kagera region in northwestern Tanzania near the borders of Uganda and Rwanda. The majority of Rwandan refugees live in the Kagera region. See map, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Kanisa la Moravian the Moravian Church. Moravian missionaries came to Africa, initially South Africa, from Germany in the 18th century. In the early 1890s, they started churches in the Lake Nyasa region of Tanganyika (see map, right). “European colonial politics opened the
door for Moravian missionaries to begin ministry among the
Nyamwezi people
in the Tabora region, many miles to the north and west of Lake Nyasa
(commonly known today as Lake Malawi). The London Missionary Society
had established a mission station at Urambo, east of Tabora, twenty
years earlier. As a result of international agreements in 1885, Urambo
became part of the German colonial territory in East Africa. German
Moravians responded to a request of the London Missionary Society
to assume responsibility for the mission at Urambo. The first group
of missionaries arrived on January 2, 1898” (from
http://www.moravian The MWCT now covers a large geographic area and is found in both urban and rural areas. Most of its 80,000 members are Nyamwezi, but it is actively evangelizing among the Sukuma people around Lake Tanganyika. |
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Kenyatta, Jomo(1889-1978) First president of independent Kenya. A Kikuyu, by 1925 he had become a leader in the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA), beginning his political career. In the 1930s and 40s he lived in Europe, where, among other activities, he studied Anthropology at the London School of Economics, which led to the publication of his book on Kikuyu culture, Facing Mount Kenya (1938). After his return to Kenya in 1946, he took over the leadership of the Kenya African Union (KAU) in 1947. In 1952, when the British government declared a state of emergency, Kenyatta and other black leaders were arrested and tried for their alleged role in Mau Mau. Kenyatta served seven years in prison, and was not completely freed from restrictions until 1961. Later that year, he became president of the Kenya African National Union (KANU) and led a delegation to London to discuss Kenya’s independence. On June 1, 1963, Kenyatta – popularly known as “Mzee Kenyatta” – becamethe first Prime Minister of self-governing Kenya. At midnight on December 12, 1963, at Uhuru Stadium, Kenya became independent. Exactly one year later, Kenya became a Republic within the Commonwealth, with Kenyatta as the president. He died on 22 August 1978 in Mombasa, and was succeeded by Daniel Arap Moi. For more information, consult:
Kidoa a Hehe dance |
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Kigoma one of 25 Tanzanian regions, located on the shores of Lake Tanganyika at the northwest corner of Tanzania, with a population of about 1.6 million. The region shares boundaries with Burundi and Kagera region to the North, Shinyanga and Tabora regions to the East, Congo to the West and Rukwa region to the South. The region is divided into three administrative districts: Kigoma, Kasulu and Kibondo, which are further divided into smaller administrative units known as divisions, wards, and villages. The main ethnic group in Kigoma region is the Ha. The Kigoma region economy is primarily agricultural. See map, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. For more information, consult: Conyers, D., P. J. Ngumbullu, and P. N. Nnko. 1971. Agro-economic zones of Kigoma and Tabora. Research report no. 46. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam, Bureau of Resources Assessment and Land Use Planning. |
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| Kihaya the Haya language, a Bantu language spoken by the Haya people mainly of Bukoba district, Kagera region, Tanzania. They Haya are agriculturalists. | ||
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kijiwe A slang term in Dar es Salaam that derives from the noun jiwe, stone, and is then made into a class 7 dimunitive form, meaning "little stone." According to Michael Okema, writing in the East African, it is now used to mean "people of the stone," reflecting mass unemployment. The word "denotes idlers who have to sit on a stone the whole day" (Okema 1999). |
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Kilimanjaro one of Tanzania’s 25 regions, located in the northeastern tip of Tanzania, bordering Kenya to its north, Tanga region to its east and Arusha region to its south and west. Moshi is the capital of the region. See map, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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For more information, consult:
Kinandi the Nandi language, a language of the Nandi, as subgroup of the Kalenjin ethnic group. |
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Kinyakyusa the Nyakyusa language. The Nyakyusa are an ethnic group of Malawi and Tanzania. According to Knut Felberg, "In Tanzania their area extends to just around Mbeya city limits in the north and down to the lakeshore in the south. The eastern border is the Livingstone mountain range where the Safwa and the Kinga live." For a map, see: http://home.online.no/ And a political map showing Mbeya, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Kinyarwanda the Ruanda language, the language of Rwanda, where it is spoken by about 6.5 million people. It is also spoken by more than 700,000 Rwandan refugees in Tanzania, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kiota Women and Health Development (KIWOHEDE) a Dar es Salaam-based community environmental health project begun in 1995. Its work involves: promoting economic empowerment for women by teaching them how to recycle; assisting sex workers and their children by providing life skills information, including AIDS prevention, reproductive health services, support for education and advocacy for enhanced community assistance. Kiruguru/Kiluguru the Luguru language. The Luguru are a Bantu group (approximately 629,000 people) who live mostly in the Morogoro region, Morogoro and Kilosa districts, Pwani region, Bagamoyo district, and the Uluguru mountains. The Luguru are Christians, Muslims and followers of traditional religions. For more information, see:
Kirundi the Rundi language; the language of Burundi, where it is spoken by 4.6 million people. Also spoken by Burundi refugees in Tanzania and Uganda. Rundi is a Bantu language. Kisukuma the Sukuma language. The Sukuma are the largest ethnic group in Tanzania (between 3 - 3.5 million people), living primarily in the Mwanza region. "Sukuma actually means 'north' and it refers to 'people of the north'; however, the Sukuma refer to themselves as Basukuma (plural) and Musukuma (singular)" (from East Africa Living Encyclopedia). Sukuma is a Bantu language. |
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Kizaramo the Zaramo language, a Bantu language spoken by the Zaramo of coastal Tanzania, between Dar es Salaam and Bagamoyo. (See map, right.) It is considered as endangered language, spoken mostly by elders as younger people speak primarily Swahili. Map reprinted, with permission, from Thomas Sunseri, "Famine And Wild Pigs: Gender Struggles And The Outbreak Of The Majimaji War In Uzaramo (Tanzania)" Journal of African History, 38 (1997), pp. 235-259. Printed in the United Kingdom © 1997 Cambridge University Press. Available online. |
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Kunduchi a fishing village and beach resort 24 km north of Dar es Salaam. kupika pombe brew beer. Brewing beer for the ancestors is a widespread custom throughout East Africa (and sub-Saharan Africa generally). See for example, these descriptions of Sukuma millet beer brewing practices:
kusindikiza see someone off, accompany a visitor part of the way when s/he leaves. This is part of a cultural norm considered good behavior. The more esteemed the visitor, the farther the host walks. In urban settings, one might walk down several flights of stairs, to the car, etc.
lelemama (also: lele mama) a competetive line dance performed primarily by women and well-known throughout the coastal region. According to Kelly Askew (1999) in “Female Circles and Male Lines: Gender Dynamics Along the Swahili Coast” (Africa Today 46:3, pp. 67-102, available online), during the colonial period lelemama dance societies “provided extensive networks that were subsequently employed to mobilize resistance” (76) against local patriarchy among women “from all social classes and strata” (92). ligombo six-stringed trough-zither of the Hehe M alfabeti MABISTO Umoja wa Wafanyabiashara Ndogo ndogo Manzese (the Manzese Union of Small Businessmen) Magomeni a large suburb of Dar es Salaam. For more information on Dar es Salaam and its suburbs, consult:
Maradona, Diego Argentian football (soccer) player, extremely popular in East Africa |
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marimba a xylophone (see photo, right).
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Marimba player for dance of the intiates, Congo-Kinshasa, 1953. Photographed by Jan Vansina. Courtesy of Africa Focus. |
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MEMKWA Mpango wa Elimu ya Msingi Kwa Waliokosa, a program run by the Tanzanian government that gives children who failed to receive a formal primary education a chance to do so in a sped-up four-year course. Mfuko wa Kuendeleza Wanawake Tanzania Women Advancement Trust (WAT). Also known as Ushirika wa Kuendeleza Wanawake. According to the organization’s website [http://www.wat.kabissa.org/bckgrnd.htm], “WAT was established to promote the advancement of women through education, skills training, research, information dissemination, seminars, workshops, production and distribution of informational booklets, fliers and brochures and by encouraging self-reliance among women.” Established in 1989 as a non-governmental, nonprofit organisation, WAT’s vision is to improve the living conditiosn of low income Tanzanians. The organizations’ mission is to “promote the advancement of women through education and training in human settlements and other related issues.” Its’ objectives include creating “public awareness on women's rights, especially regarding rights to land and shelter”; providing “skills training to boys and girls in housing construction and in the production of building materials which are affordable to low-income people”; encouraging women’s self-reliance; raising women’s education levels; fighting for “gender sensitive policies and laws”; creating “awareness among women on laws which give them rights to own land and property (such as the Land Laws of 1999 and the Marriage Act of 1971) and on existing procedures which contribute to the advancement of women”; and improving HIV/AIDS awareness. mganda a competitive men’s dance of the Matengo ethnic group in southwestern Tanzania, borrowed from Malawi in the 1950s. It is normally danced in August or September. According to Stephen Hill (2001), in “The Death of Mganda?: Continuity and Transformation in Matengo Music” (Africa Today 48.4, pp. 27-41, available online), “Dance groups are the largest, most important and widely participatory voluntary social organizations in Matengo villages, and personal and group identity formations are closely tied to group dance participation” (30). The mganda is “performed by location and lineage-based teams of twenty to forty dancers accompanied by three to six musicians” (30). Mkwawa (1855-1898) a Hehe chief who won fame by defeating Germans at Lugalo, in Iringa district, on 17th August 1891 and maintaining Hehe resistance for seven years until he shot himself to death. According to http://www.mkwawa.com/intro.asp, the name “Mkwawa” is derived from the Hehe word “Mukwava,” a short form of “Mukwavinyika,” meaning “the conqueror of many lands.” Moi, Daniel Arap (1924 - ) President of Kenya, 1978-2002. Moi’s political career began in 1955 when he was elected member of the legislative council of the Rift Valley. In 1960, he went on to found the Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU), challenging Kenyatta’s Kenya African National Union (KANU). KADU’s goal was to defend the interest of smaller ethnic groups such as his own, the Kalenjin, in response to KANU’s perceived favoring of the Luo and Kikuyu. After independence in 1963, Moi agreed to merge KADU with KANU, which led to the country’s becoming a defacto one-party state. Kenyatta appointed Moi as Minister of Home Affairs in 1964 and to Vice President in 1967. When Kenyatta died in 1978, Moi succeeded him. After a failed coup by army officers in 1982, Moi changed the consitution to create a true one-party state. In response, the United States withheld aid from Kenya in the 1980s, forcing Moi to return to a multi-party state in 1991. Moi one elections in 1992 and 1997. Constitutionally banned from running in the 2002 elections, Moi saw himself replaced by Mwai Kibaki, leader of the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC). For more information, consult: Morton, Andrew. 1998. Moi: The making of an African statesman. London: Michael O'Mara. Oyugi, W. Ouma, and Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. 1992. Politics and administration in East Africa. Nairobi: Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Throup, David, and Charles Hornsby. 1998. Multi-party politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta & Moi states & the triumph of the system in the 1992 election. Eastern African studies. Oxford; Nairobi; Athens: J. Currey; E.A.E.P; Ohio University Press. |
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| Morogoro town in East-Central Tanzania. See map, right. |  |
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1. region in the extreme north of Tanzania near Lake Victoria. For more information, see: http://www.tanzania. 2. the second largest city in Tanzania (with a population of about 400,000), and the capital of Mwanza region. Located on the southern shore of Lake Victoria, Mwanza is the cultural center of the country’s largest ethnic group, the Sukuma. The city handles much of Tanzania's lake trade with Kenya and Uganda and is an administrative center for the northwest. Chief industries include cotton-textile manufacturing, meat packing, and fishing. See map, right. For more information, consult: Finucane, James R. 1974. Rural development and bureaucracy in Tanzania: The case of Mwanza region. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Flynn, Karen Coen. 2005. Food, culture, and survival in an African city. 1st ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. |
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NBAA National Board of Accountants and Auditors (in Tanzania)
Radio Free Afrika Mwanza-based FM broadcaster Radio Kwizera FM broadcaster in Ngara district, Kagera region, Tanzania. The station was begun in 1995 by the Jesuit Refugee Service as a response to the Rwandan "hate radio" that had incited the genocide. The name kwizera means "hope" in Kinyarwanda. Following the mass repatriation of Rwandan refugees in December 1996, the station continued to serve the remaining Burundian population. Over the years it has also developed an audience among the Tanzanian population. Three types of listeners are now under the scope of Radio Kwizera: refugees, rural villagers in the western regions, and people in Burundi and Rwanda. According to The Communications Initiative, "The fact that these two small countries are also within the range of Radio Kwizera increases the station's commitment to contribute towards reconciliation and peace." The station broadcasts from 9:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m., 43 hours in Kirundi and 48 in Kiswahili. Two production teams (Kiswahili and Kirundi) guarantee the production of news and programs for the refugees and for the Tanzanian population. Radio Tumaini a non-profit institution run by the Catholic church of Dar es Salaam, the first of the private radio stations in Tanzania which started broadcasting in 1994. It is registered under the Regulations of the Broadcasting Services Act of 1993. Radio Tumaini is located at St. Joseph's Cathedral, along Sokoine Drive in Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Radio Uhuru FM broadcaster in Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Mwanza RAI a Tanzanian weekly newspaper published in Dar es Salaam. The name means 'advice, opinion, standpoint.' Swahili terms for skin color are not equivalent to their literal translations in English. For example, watu weupe (white people) in East Africa refers to black Africans with comparatively light skin. For example, in his 1971 novel Rosa Mistika, Kezilahabi writes, "Charles alikuwa kijana mwembamba na mrefu kidogo, mweupe na mwenye sura nzuri" [Charles was a skinny and tallish youth, light skinned and attractive] (7). In A Standard Swahili-English Dictionary (1939), Johnson writes, "Watu weupe, white people, Europeans, but it is also used of light-coloured Arabs, Indians, &c" (87). When Ndesanjo Macha refers to "watu weupe" in his blog (used in Somo la Tano: Ukristo na Uislamu), he is using the Swahili translation of an English expression, no doubt influenced by his experience living in the United States and by the conception of race and ethnicity in the U.S. Most East Africans refer to whites as wazungu, although the word is sometimes also used to refer to Europeans and Americans of any race or ethnicity. Similarly, watu weusi (black people) refers to comparatively dark skinned people. Redio One FM and AM broadcaster in Tanzania, owned by IPP Media. Redio Tanzania state-run radio station in Tanzania. Rift Valley a 6,000-mile fissure in the earth's crust, stretching from Lebanon to Mozambique. One of its most dramatic sections slices through Kenya, dividing the country into two parts, and the rift itself divides into the Eastern Rift and the Western Rift. The Rift Valley was formed by subterranean forces that tore apart the earth's crust. The Western Rift, also called the Albertine Rift, is edged by some of Africa's tallest mountains, including the Virunga Mountains, Mitumba Mountains, and Ruwenzori Range, and contains the Rift Valley lakes. Lake Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake in the world, is considered part of the Rift Valley system although it actually lies between the two branches. The other Great Lakes are also formed by the rift. In Kenya the valley is deepest to the north of Nairobi. The formation of the Rift Valley continues. Within a few million years, the lithosphere may rupture and eastern Africa will split off to form a new landmass. The volcanic activity at this site has produced the volcanic mountains Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, Mount Karisimbi, Mount Nyiragongo, Mount Meru and Mount Elgon as well as the Crater Highlands in Tanzania. The Rift Valley has been a rich source of anthropological discovery. The bones of several hominid ancestors of modern humans have been found there, including those of " Lucy," a nearly complete australopithecine skeleton. (This information adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley.) Risasi a Tanzanian monthly newspaper published in Dar es Salaam. The name means 'bullet.'
SACCOS savings and credit cooperatives; a credit union. "There is no difference between a credit union and SACCO. The term 'credit union' is generally not used in Africa ... to avoid confusion with the various labour movements" (from http://www.saccol.org.za). SADC Southern Africa Development Community (Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika). An alliance of Southern African states (Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe), originally formed in 1981 "with the main aim of coordinating development projects in order to lessen economic dependence" on other countries (from http://www.sadc.int). For more information, consult: Evans, H. David, Peter Holmes, Ibbo Mandaza, SAPES Trust, and Southern African Development Community. Secretariat. 1999. SADC: The cost of non-integration. Southern african political economy series. Mount Pleasant, Harare: SAPES Books. Southern African Development Community. 1994. Handbook. Gabarone: SADC Secretariat. Southern African Development Community. Centre for Southern African Studies. 1992. Treaty of the Southern African Development Community: Treaty adopted at the SADC summit, Windhoek, Namibia, August 1992. Backgrounder 7. Bellville, South Africa: Centre for Southern African Studies, University of the Western Cape. |
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Shinyanga one of 25 Tanzanian regions, located in the northwest, south of Lake Victoria, with a population of over 2 million. Shinyanga is the 9th largest region in the country. Within the Shinyanga region, there are 6 administrative districts: Bariadi, Bukombe, Kahama, Maswa, Meatu and Shinyanga. The Districts are subdivided into 27 divisions, 160 wards and 817 villages. Shinyanga region is occupied mainly by the Sukuma ethnic group. Other groups include the Nyamwezi, Nyaturu, Sumbwa, Nyiramba and Hadzabe. See map, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Singida one of 25 Tanzanian regions, located in central Tanzania, with Singida as its capital city. Singida region is socially and economically deprived due to its remoteness and shortage of water. See map, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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| Tabora one of 25 Tanzanian regions, located in midwestern Tanzania on the central plateau, with a population of over 1 million people. Tabora shares a border with Shinyanga region in the north, Singida region in the East, Mbeya and Rukwa regions in the South and Kigoma region in the west. See map, right. | |
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Tandika one of the poorer suburbs of Dar es Salaam. For more information on Dar es Salaam and its suburbs, consult:
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Tanga one of 25 Tanzanian regions, located on the northern coast, with Tanga city as its capital and a population of about 1.7 million. The region is divided into seven districts: Pangani, Tanga, Muheza, Handeni, Kilindi, Korogwe and Lushoto. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. For more information, consult: Askew, Kelly Michelle. 2002. Performing the nation: Swahili music and cultural politics in Tanzania. Chicago studies in ethnomusicology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. von Freyhold, Michaela. 1972. The government staff and ujamaa villages, the Tanga experience. Paper no. 23. Dar es Salaam.
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TAZARA Tanzania Zambia Railways For more information, see: http://www.tazara.co.tz/ Times FM Dar es Salaam-based FM broadcaster, owned by BCSTimes.
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Unyakyusa(ni) Nyakyusa country. The Nyakyusa are an ethnic group of Malawi and Tanzania. According to Knut Felberg, "In Tanzania their area extends to just around Mbeya city limits in the north and down to the lakeshore in the south. The eastern border is the Livingstone mountain range where the Safwa and the Kinga live." For a map, see: http://home.online.no/ And a political map showing Mbeya, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.
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UPE universal primary education ( elimu ya msingi kwa wote), inaugerated by the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) in 1977. For more information, see: http://www.africa.upenn.edu |
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Uruguru(ni) Luguru country. The Luguru are a Bantu group (approximately 629,000 people) who live mostly in the Morogoro region, Morogoro and Kilosa districts, Pwani region, Bagamoyo district, and the Uluguru mountains. The Luguru are Christians, Muslims and followers of traditional religions. See map below. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. For more information, see: Mawinza, Joseph. 1963. The human soul; life and soul-concept in an East African mentality based on Luguru. Thesis, Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana. Pels, Peter. 1999. A politics of presence: Contacts between missionaries and Waluguru in late colonial Tanganyika. Studies in anthropology and history; v. 22. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic. |
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Usukuma(ni) Sukuma country (Mwanza area). The Sukuma are the largest ethnic group in Tanzania (between 3 - 3.5 million people). "Sukuma actually means 'north' and it refers to 'people of the north'; however, the Sukuma refer to themselves as Basukuma (plural) and Musukuma (singular)" (from East Africa Living Encyclopedia). Sukuma is a Bantu language. For more information, consult: Wijsen, Frans Jozef Servaas, and R. E. S. Tanner. 2002. "I am just a Sukuma": Globalization and identity construction in northwest Tanzania. Kerk en theologie in context 41. Amsterdam ; New York: Rodopi. ———. 2000. Seeking a good life: Religion and society in Usukuma, Tanzania, 1945-1995. Nairobi, Kenya: Paulines Publications Africa. |
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1. historical relationship between ethnic groups which doesn't necessarily involve joking 2. joking relationship between individuals |
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Uzaramo(ni) Zaramo country. "The Zaramo are a Bantu group that inhabit the area around Dar-es-Salaam and number around 200,000. They migrated to this area about 200 years ago because they were displaced from their homes by the Ngoni to the south and Kamba to the north. They settled in a very fertile area. [...] Today they are primarily cultivators growing fruit trees, cashew nuts, and rice. They also raise sheep, goats, chickens but not cattle" (from East Africa Living Encyclopedia ). See map, right. Map reprinted, with permission, from Thomas Sunseri, "Famine And Wild Pigs: Gender Struggles And The Outbreak Of The Majimaji War In Uzaramo (Tanzania)" Journal of African History, 38 (1997), pp. 235-259. Printed in the United Kingdom © 1997 Cambridge University Press. Available online. |
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Vyama vya Upinzani Kenya National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) a political party formed in 2002. NARC aims to form a coalition government of national unity for reconstruction and reconciliation for five years, where all parliamentary political parties are proportionately represented. In December 2002, NARC won a landslide victory over KANU in the presidential elections. Mwai Kibaki got 63% of the votes. On December 30, 2002, Mwai Kibaki was sworn in as the third President of Kenya.
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Wadigo Digo people; a Bantu group living in northern Tanzania and southern Kenya. More than 100,000 Digo are concentrated on the northern coastal strip of Tanzania from the town of Tanga to the border of Kenya. They inhabit the plains of the Pangani River, between the Usambara Mountains and the Indian Ocean. The Digo are grouped together with eight other ethnic groups who share a common oral history. Together, these groups make up the Mijikenda, or "nine towns." The Digo are predominantly Muslim, and their economy is based on agriculture, fishing, trading, and industry work. See map of Kenya's ethnic groups (c. 1974), right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Wahehe Hehe people; a Bantu group who live primarily in the Iringa region of Tanzania, with a population of about 750,000. See map, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Wakamba Kamba people; a Bantu group number about 2.5 million in Kenya. The Kamba live primarily in South central Kenya, Machakos and Kitui Districts, Eastern Province, and are agriculturalists. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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For more information, consult: Hill, Martin, J.D. 1991. The harambee movement in Kenya: Self-help, development, and education among the Kamba of Kitui district. Monographs on social anthropology no. 64. London & Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Athlone Press. Middleton, John, and Greet Kershaw, 1965. The central tribes of the north-eastern Bantu; the Kikuyu, including Emlu, Meru, Mbere, Bhuka, Mwimbi, Thanaka, and the Kamba of Kenya. Ethnographic survey of africa: East Central Africa, pt. 5. London: International African Institute. |
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Wakikuyu Kikuyu people; a Bantu group numbering about 6 million, the largest ethnic group in Kenya. The Kikuyu live in the highlands north-east of Nairobi. During the 1950s, under the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta, the Kikuyu fought the British colonialists in what was known as the Mau Mau Emergency. Although the Kikuyu traditionally lived in separate family homesteads, most were moved into villages during the rebellion. After the removal of the colonists, a large number chose to remain in the villages. The Kikuyu economy centers mainly around agriculture. See map of Kenya's ethnic groups (c. 1974) below. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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For more information, consult: Elkins, Caroline. 2000. Forest war no more : Detention, villagization, and the Mau Mau emergency. Working papers in african studies no. 227. Boston, MA: African Studies CenterBoston University. Gakuo, Kariuki, and Mwaura Ndekere. 1992. Nyumba ya mumbi: The Gikuyu creation myth. African art and literature series. Nairobi, Kenya: Jacaranda Designs. Presley, Cora Ann. 1992. Kikuyu women, the Mau Mau rebellion, and social change in Kenya. Boulder: Westview Press. Wanjohi, G. J. 2001. Under one roof: Gikuyu proverbs consolidated. Nairobi, Kenya: Paulines Publications Africa. |
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Wakilindi Kilindi people; a Bantu clan which once ruled the Usambara mountains in northeastern Tanzania. For more information, see One Forest, Many Locals and The Wakilindi Saga. |
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Wakurya Kurya people; a Bantu group in North-central Tanzania, Mara region, near the Kenya border, east of Lake Victoria. Over 200,000 Kurya live in Tanzania and 135,000 in Kuria district, Nyanza province, in Kenya. See map, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Waluhya Luhya people; a band of Bantu groups numbering about 3,000,000, forming the third largest group in Kenya. The Luhya speak a variety of languages including Luyia, Bukusu, Nyore, Hanga (Wanga), Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki, Saamia and Ragooli. According to http://www.flw.com/ Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Waluo Luo people; a Nilotic group numbering about 4 million, forming the second largest ethnic group in Kenya. The Luo live primarily in the Nyanza province of Kenya, in the far west near the shores of Lake Victoria; and about 200,000 live in Tanzania. The Luo economy centers around farming and fishing. The Luo were prominent in Kenya's struggle for independence as trade unionists and politicians. See map of Kenya's ethnic groups (c. 1974), right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Wamakonde Makonde people; a southern Tanzanian ethnic group known for their carvings, numbering about 1.3 million people. The Makonde live primarily in the Mtwara Region, primarily Mtwara Urban, Mtwara Rural, Tandahomba, and Newala districts. About 200,000 also live in northern Mozambique. See map, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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For more information, consult the following: |
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Wamasai Masai people; a Nilotic group, numbering over 450,000 in Kenya and 430,000 in Tanzania. In Kenya, the Masai live primarily in the Kajiado and Narok districts, Rift Valley Province (see map, right). In Tanzania, they live primarily on the Kenya border, east of Serengeti National Park. They are pastoralists. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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1. Bantu group in Kenya, numbering over 1.3 million and living primarily in Meru District, Eastern Province, northeast of Mt. Kenya (see map, right). Different from the Meru of Tanzania (see entry 2.) For more information, see: Mwaura, M., and K. Mutunga. 2003. The Kenyan nation soil and water conservation programme - A report on experience in Meru central district, Mount Kenya. MOUNTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 23 (1): 90-91. Ndege, S. 2002. 'Myth' as a historical basis of the Meru folktales. Fabula 43 (1-2): 35-54. 2. Bantu group in Tanzania, numbering about 100,000 and living primarily in the Arusha region, around Mt. Meru. Different from the Meru of Kenya (see entry 1). For more information, consult: Neumann, Roderick Paul. 1992. Political ecology of wildlife conservation in the Mt. Meru area of northeast Tanzania. John Wiley & Sons. Spear, Thomas T. 1997. Mountain farmers: Moral economies of land & agricultural development in Arusha & Meru. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota; Berkeley; Oxford: University of California Press; James Currey. |
 Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Wanandi Nandi people; a Nilotic sub-group of the Kalenjin ethnic group, numbering about 300,000. They live mainly in the Nandi district of the Rift Valley Province in Kenya. |
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Wanyamwezi Nyamwezi people; a Bantu group numbering over 1,200,000 in northwest central Tanzania, between Lake Victoria and Lake Rukwa. Thier economy is primarily agricultural. See map, right. For more information, consult: Abrahams, R. G. 1981. The Nyamwezi today: A tanzanian people in the 1970's. Changing cultures. Cambridge Cambridgeshire ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1967. The political organization of Unyamwezi. Cambridge studies in social anthropology no. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. Brandström, Per. 1986. Who is a Sukuma and who is a Nyamwezi : Ethnic identity in west-central Tanzania. Working papers in african studies no. 27. Uppsala, Sweden: African Studies Programme, Dept. of Cultural Anthropology, University of Uppsala. |
 Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Waragoli Ragoli people; a Bantu group in Kakamega District, Western Province, Kenya. See map, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Warangi Rangi people; a Bantu group who live primarily in the Kondoa district of northcentral Tanzania, with a population of about 300,000. See map, right. For more information, consult: Kesby, John D. 1986. Rangi natural history: The taxonomic procedures of an african people. NRAFlex books ethnography series. New Haven, Conn. Human Relations Area Files. ———. 1982. Progress and the past among the Rangi of Tanzania. HRAFlex books ethnography series. New Haven, Conn. Human Relations Area Files. Kesby, John D. 1981. The Rangi of Tanzania : An introduction to their culture. HRAFlex books ethnography series. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files. |
 Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Waruguru/Waluguru Luguru people; a Bantu group (approximately 629,000 people) who live mostly in the Morogoro region, Morogoro and Kilosa districts, Pwani region, Bagamoyo district, and the Uluguru mountains. The Luguru are Christians, Muslims and followers of traditional religions. The name Morogoro comes from Europeans' orthographic representation of Mruguru, a Luguru person. See map of Morogoro region, right. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. For more information, see: Mawinza, Joseph. 1963. The human soul; life and soul-concept in an East African mentality based on Luguru. Thesis, Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana. Pels, Peter. 1999. A politics of presence: Contacts between missionaries and Waluguru in late colonial Tanganyika. Studies in anthropology and history; v. 22. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic. |
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Wasomali Somali people; Somalians. An Afro-Asiatic group from Somalia, where they number about 7 million. Over 300,000 have emigrated to Kenya as refugees, where they live primarily in the northeast. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Wazaramo Zaramo people. A Bantu group numbering about 600,000 living primarily along the coast of Tanzania between Dar es Salaam and Bagamoyo. As Dar es Salaam has grown in the last 20 years, many Zaramo settlements have been incorporated into the city, and many more Zaramo people have immigrated into the city in search of work. Thier economy is primarily agricultural, and they are predominantly Muslim. See map below. Map reprinted, with permission, from Thomas Sunseri, "Famine And Wild Pigs: Gender Struggles And The Outbreak Of The Majimaji War In Uzaramo (Tanzania)" Journal of African History, 38 (1997), pp. 235-259. Printed in the United Kingdom © 1997 Cambridge University Press. Available online. |
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Wazigua Zigua people; a Bantu group living in Tanga, Morogoro and Pwani regions of Tanzania (see map, right), numbering over 400,000. Their economy is based on agriculture and fishing. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. |
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Copyright © 2004-2005 Katrina Daly Thompson |
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